modal verbs

 modal verbs

et, make, see, hear, feel.

My parents didn't let me watch TV at night.

Did you see anyone enter the building?

He made me laugh.

can, should, could, might, may, etc.

He can't sing.

It might be a good idea.

Noun adjunct modifier

 Noun adjunct

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Look up attributive noun in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

In grammar, a noun adjunct or attributive noun or noun (pre)modifier is an optional noun that modifies another noun; it is a noun functioning as an adjective. For example, in the phrase "chicken soup" the noun adjunct "chicken" modifies the noun "soup". It is irrelevant whether the resulting compound noun is spelled in one or two parts. "Field" is a noun adjunct in both "field player" and "fieldhouse".[1]

Swan* describes typical uses of noun + noun structures. In part, he states:

"The noun + noun structure is mostly used to make 'classifying' expressions which name a particular type of thing.

mountain plants (a special group of plants) [Rachel notes NOT 'mountainous plants.'....]

We use noun + noun especially to talk about things that belong to common well-known classes (so that the two nouns really describe a single idea)...

history book (a common class of book) [Rachel notes NOT '[atrike]historical book[/strike]']

He was reading a book about the moon. (NOT a moon book ...."

At the end of his relatively long description of advanced points of noun + noun, Swan says:

"This is a very complicated area of English grammar. The 'rules' given above show the general patterns, but unfortunate there is no easy way to be quite sure which structure is used to express a particular compound idea. The most common expressions will be learnt by experience; in cases of doubt, a good dictionary will often show shich form is correct."

Swan's comments are, perhaps, directed at learners way below those of us discussing this topic. However, they serve to remind us that the 'rules' are guidelines.

I personally think that Fowler's directive to prefer an adjective, if one exists, instead of a noun, strikes me as being unnecessarily prescriptive.

_______

*Practical English Usage, Third Edition, by Michael Swan. Oxford 2005.(noun + noun), sections 385-386

acronyms in the TEFL world

 ACRONYMS in the TEFL world,

ACRONYMS

This is by no means a comprehensive list, but these are the most common acronyms you’ll come across in the TEFL world, and I’ve included a few especially pertinent to the CELTA course. If you know of others that ought to be included, do let me know. Thanks!

ALM Audio-Lingual Method

ALTE Association of Language Testers in Europe (Cambridge)

CAE Certificate in Advanced English (Cambridge)

CALL Computer Assisted Language Learning

CCQ Concept checking question

CEFR Common European Framework of Reference

CELTA Certificate in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages, formerly Certificate in English Language Teaching to Adults

CLIL Content and Language Integrated Learning

CLT Communicative Language Teaching

CPD Continuing/Continuous Professional Development

CPE Certificate of Proficiency in English (Cambridge)

DELTA Diploma in English Language Teaching to Adults

DM Direct Method

DOS Director of Studies

EAL English as an Additional Language

EAP English for Academic Purposes

EFL English as a Foreign Language

EIL English as an International Language

ELF English as a Lingua Franca

ELL English Language Learning

ELT English Language Teaching

ESL English as a Second Language

ESOL English for Speakers of Other Languages

ESP English for Specific Purposes

FCE First Certificate in English (Cambridge)

GLP Used in CELTA to mean Guided Lesson Planning

GTM Grammar Translation Method

GW Group work

IATEFL International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language

ICQ Instruction checking question

ICT/IT Information [Communication] Technology

IDLTM International Diploma in Language Teaching Management

IELTS In-service Certificate in English Language Teaching. Also: International English Language Testing System

IPA International Phonetic Alphabet

IWB/WB [Interactive] Whiteboard

KET Key English Test (Cambridge)

L1 Student’s first language

L2 Student’s second language

MPFA Meaning, Pronunciation, Form, Appropriacy (referring to teaching language)

OHP Overhead Projector

OCFB

Overseas Chinese Family Business

  Rate it:

OCFB

On Car Flow Bench

n

  Rate it:

OCFB

Open Class Feedback

PACS

Post-activity Correction Stage

PET Preliminary English Test (Cambridge)

PGCE Post Graduate Certificate in Education (UK)

PLN Personal/Professional/Passionate Learning Network

PPP Presentation-Practice-Production method

PW Pair work

SLT Situational Language Teaching method

STT Student talking time

SW The Silent Way

TBL Task-based Learning method

TBLT Task-based Language Teaching

TD Teacher Development

TEFL Teaching English as a Foreign Language

TESL Teaching English as a Second Language

TESOL Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. Also: Teachers of English to…

TKT Teaching Knowledge Test

TOEFL Test of English as a Foreign Language

TOEIC Test of English for International Communications

TP Used in CELTA to mean Teaching Practice

TPR Total Physical Response

TTT Teacher talking time. Also Test-Teach-Test, a variation of the PPP method.

YLE Young Learners English (Cambridge has 3 YLE exams: starters, movers & flyers)

interview (ˈɪntəˌvjuː) n

 interview (ˈɪntəˌvjuː)

n

1. (Broadcasting) a conversation with or questioning of a person, usually conducted for television, radio, or a newspaper

2. (Industrial Relations & HR Terms) a formal discussion, esp one in which an employer assesses an applicant for a job

vb

3. to conduct an interview with (someone)

4. (intr) to be interviewed, esp for a job: he interviewed well and was given the position.

[C16: from Old French entrevue; see inter-, view]

ˌinterviewˈee n ˈinterˌviewer n

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003

in•ter•view (ˈɪn tərˌvyu) 

n.

1. a formal meeting in which one or more persons question, consult, or evaluate another person: a job interview.

2.

a. a conversation or meeting in which a writer or reporter obtains information from one or more persons for a news story,broadcast, etc.

b. the report of such a conversation.

v.t.

3. to have an interview with.

v.i.

4. to have an interview; be interviewed (sometimes fol. by with).

5. to give or conduct an interview.

[1505–15; earlier enterview < Middle French entrevue, n. use of feminine of entrevu, past participle of entrevoir to glimpse; see inter-, view]

in′ter•view`a•ble, adj.

Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.

PREPOSITIONS AT ON IN

 20 minute 001 PREPOSITIONS AT ON IN

https://www.dropbox.com/sh/x80h5tdkxyiy5uf/OixLcvNJZx

In/at the factory/distinction 

Hello,They are both correct; it depends on what you want to say.There is no huge difference.

Regards.

at (æt)

I work in the factory = I am most definitely in the factory building!

I work at the factory = I am most likely inside the building, but I might also be outside the factory!

Hope this helps more than confuses you!

I would say that "in" simply means that you are in the building whereas "at" means that you are at a certain place to do something, a specific activity:

I am in the garden, in that room, in the tube: simple locations.

I am at school (to work)

I am at the cinema: to watch a film

I am at the doctor's : to be cured.

I am at the factory: to work, to make money.

I am at work.

He works at the factory: you describe his activity

He works in a big factory: you specify if it is a big or a small building.

He works in a big factory, at workshop number three.

Sometimes, there is a difference in meaning:

He is at the hospital, he works at the hospital:

He has found a good job at the hospital.

He is in (the) hospital: as a patient, as a victim of an accident.

I ended up at the hospital: you took the wrong road, you didn't want to go there originally.

I ended up in hospital: because there was something wrong with your health.

The pupils are "at school" but if a dog comes into the school through an open door ,you will say : There is a dog in the school .

prep

1. used to indicate location or position: are they at the table?; staying at a small hotel.

2. towards; in the direction of: looking at television; throwing stones at windows.

3. used to indicate position in time: come at three o'clock.

4. engaged in; in a state of (being): children at play; stand at ease; he is at his most charming today.

5. (in expressions concerned with habitual activity) during the passing of (esp in the phrase at night): he used to work at night.

6. for; in exchange for: it's selling at four pounds.

7. used to indicate the object of an emotion: angry at the driver; shocked at his behaviour.

8. where it's at the real place of action

on  (n, ôn)

prep.

1.

a. Used to indicate position above and supported by or in contact with: The vase is on the table. We rested on our hands andknees.

b. Used to indicate contact with or extent over (a surface) regardless of position: a picture on the wall; a rash on my back.

c. Used to indicate location at or along: the pasture on the south side of the river; a house on the highway.

d. Used to indicate proximity: a town on the border.

e. Used to indicate attachment to or suspension from: beads on a string.

f. Used to indicate figurative or abstract position: on the young side, but experienced; on her third beer; stopped on chapter two.

2.

a. Used to indicate actual motion toward, against, or onto: jumped on the table; the march on Washington.

b. Used to indicate figurative or abstract motion toward, against, or onto: going on six o'clock; came on the answer by accident.

3.

a. Used to indicate occurrence at a given time: on July third; every hour on the hour.

b. Used to indicate the particular occasion or circumstance: On entering the room, she saw him.

4.

a. Used to indicate the object affected by actual, perceptible action: The spotlight fell on the actress. He knocked on the door.

b. Used to indicate the object affected by a figurative action: Have pity on them.

c. Used to indicate the object of an action directed, tending, or moving against it: an attack on the fortress.

d. Used to indicate the object of perception or thought: gazed on the vista; meditated on his actions.

5. Used to indicate the agent or agency of a specified action: cut his foot on the broken glass; talked on the telephone.

6.

a. Used to indicate a medicine or other corrective taken or undertaken routinely: went on a strict diet.

b. Used to indicate a substance that is the cause of an addiction, a habit, or an altered state of consciousness: high on dope.

7.

a. Used to indicate a source or basis: "We will reach our judgments not on intentions or on promises but on deeds and onresults" (Margaret Thatcher).

b. Used to indicate a source of power or energy: The car runs on methane.

8.

a. Used to indicate the state or process of: on leave; on fire; on the way.

b. Used to indicate the purpose of: travel on business.

c. Used to indicate a means of conveyance: ride on a train.

d. Used to indicate availability by means of: beer on tap; a physician on call.

9. Used to indicate belonging to: a nurse on the hospital staff.

10. Used to indicate addition or repetition: heaped error on error.

11.

a. Concerning; about: a book on astronomy.

b. Concerning and to the disadvantage of: We have some evidence on him.

12. Informal In one's possession; with: I haven't a cent on me.

13. At the expense of; compliments of: drinks on the house.

adv.

1. In or into a position or condition of being supported by or in contact with something: Put the coffee on.

2. In or into a position of being attached to or covering something: Put your clothes on.

3. In the direction of something: He looked on while the ship docked.

4.

a. Toward or at a point lying ahead in space or time; forward: The play moved on to the next city.

b. At or to a more distant point in time or space: I'll do it later on.

5. In a continuous course: He worked on quietly.

6.

a. In or into performance or operation: Turn on the radio.

b. In progress or action; in a state of activity: The show must go on.

7. In or at the present position or condition: stay on; hang on.

8. In a condition of being scheduled for or decided upon: There is a party on tonight.

adj.

1. Being in operation: The television is on.

2.

a. Engaged in a given function or activity, such as a vocal or dramatic role: You're on in five minutes!

b. Under or behaving as if under observation: A minister is always on.

3. Informal Functioning or performing at a high degree of competence or energy: The goalie is really on.

4.

a. Planned; intended: We have nothing much on for this weekend.

b. Happening; taking place: The parade is on.

5. Baseball Having reached base safely; on base: Two runners are on.

Idioms:

be on to Slang

To be aware of or have information about: You'll never deceive us again; we're on to you.

on and off

Intermittently.

on and on

Without stopping; continuously.

in 1  (n)

prep.

1.

a. Within the limits, bounds, or area of: was hit in the face; born in the spring; a chair in the garden.

b. From the outside to a point within; into: threw the letter in the wastebasket.

2. To or at a situation or condition of: was split in two; in debt; a woman in love.

3.

a. Having the activity, occupation, or function of: a life in politics; the officer in command.

b. During the act or process of: tripped in racing for the bus.

4.

a. With the arrangement or order of: fabric that fell in luxuriant folds; arranged to purchase the car in equal payments.

b. After the style or form of: a poem in iambic pentameter.

5. With the characteristic, attribute, or property of: a tall man in an overcoat.

6.

a. By means of: paid in cash.

b. Made with or through the medium of: a statue in bronze; a note written in German.

7. With the aim or purpose of: followed in pursuit.

8. With reference to: six inches in depth; has faith in your judgment.

9. Used to indicate the second and larger term of a ratio or proportion: saved only one in ten.

adv.

1. To or toward the inside: opened the door and stepped in.

2. To or toward a destination or goal: The mob closed in.

3. Sports So as to score, as by crossing home plate in baseball: singled the runner in.

4. Within a place, as of business or residence: The manager is in before anyone else.

5. So as to be available or under one's control: We can proceed when all the evidence is in.

6. So as to include or incorporate: Fold in the egg whites.

7. So as to occupy a position of success or favor: campaigned hard and was voted in.

8. In a particular relationship: got in bad with their supervisor.

adj.

1. Located inside; inner.

2. Incoming; inward: took the in bus.

3. Holding office; having power: the in party.

4. Informal

a. Currently fashionable: the in thing to wear this season.

b. Concerned with or attuned to the latest fashions: the in crowd. See Synonyms at fashionable.

5. Relating to, understandable to, or coming from an exclusive group: an in reference.

n.

1. One that has position, influence, or power: the ins against the outs.

2. Informal Influence; power: had an in with the authorities.

Idioms:

in for

Guaranteed to get or have: You're in for a big surprise.

in on

Informed about; participating in: Only one business partner was not in on the illegal scheme.

in that

For the reason that.

dictionary

 http://sentence.yourdictionary.com/when

unsure on their goals to INCREASE

 inseguro sobre seus objetivos

Definições de increase

substantivo

an instance of growing or making greater.

"an increase from sixteen to eighteen clubs"

sinônimos: growth, rise, enlargement, expansion, extension, multiplication,elevation, inflation, increment, addition, augmentation, magnification,intensification, amplification, climb, escalation, surge, upsurge, upswing, spiral,spurt, hike