January 6 committee plans to subpoena John Eastman

 subpoena

gauge

 gauge 

ɡāj

Substantivo

1

an instrument or device for measuring the magnitude, amount, or contents of something, typically with a visual display of such information.

a fuel gauge

Sinônimos:

measuring instrumentmeasuring devicemetermeasureindicatordialscaleindexdisplay

2

the thickness, size, or capacity of something, especially as a standard measure.

Sinônimos:

sizemeasureextentdegreescopecapacitymagnitudewidthbreadthareathicknessspandepthheightborecaliberdiameter

Verbo

1

estimate or determine the magnitude, amount, or volume of.

astronomers can gauge the star's intrinsic brightness

Sinônimos:

measurecalculatecomputework outdetermineascertaincountweighquantifyput a figure on

Future with "will" and "going to"

 We use  “going to” in a tense to talk about real situations to come in the future.

I’m going to travel with you.

I’m going to visit my mother at night.

I will travel to the countryside on the weekend.

We use will and negative will not or won’t to express posibilities in the future 

But we can express actions in the future with the structure of present continuous and with the structure of simple present.

Past Progressive (Continuous)

 An action over a past period

We use the past continuous for an action over a period of past time, something

that we were in the middle of.

At quarter to eleven I was walking home.

The UFO was travelling east to west.

I wasn't sleeping, so I got up.

I looked into the room. All the old people were watching television.

Compare the present continuous and past continuous.

The UFO is travelling west. (It is in the middle of its journey.)

The UFO was travelling west. (It was in the middle of its journey.)

But for a complete action in the past, we use the past simple.

The UFO went behind a cloud.

In these examples the past continuous means an action over a whole period.

The salesman was travelling from Monday to Friday.

We were watching for UFOs all night. We never went to sleep.

Here we could also use the past simple.

Period of time: He was travelling all week. He was very tired.

Complete action: He travelled all week. He drove a long way.

b Past continuous and past simple

The period of a past continuous action can include a clock time.

/ was walking home at quarter to eleven.

It can also include another action.

/ was walking home when I saw the UFO.

Here the speaker sees one action as happening around another. The past

continuous is the longer, background action (walking), and the past simple is the

shorter, complete action (saw). The shorter action interrupted the longer one.

Here are some more examples.

Tim was washing his hair when the doorbell rang.

I had a sudden idea when/while/as I was waiting in a traffic queue.

The sun was shining when the campers woke.

When two actions both went on during the same period of time, we use the past

continuous for both.

Tim was washing his hair while I was cleaning up the kitchen.

Simple Past Tense

We use the past simple for an action in the past.

The shop opened last week.

I bought some gloves yesterday.

The earthquake happened in 1905.

I slept badly.

When did the first Winter Olympics take place?

The time of the action (last week) is over.

The past is the normal tense in stories.

Once upon a time a Princess went into a wood and sat down by a stream.

Some typical time expressions with the past simple are yesterday, this morning/

evening, last week/year, a week/month ago, that day/afternoon, the other day/week, at eleven o'clock, on Tuesday, in 1990, just, recently, once, earlier, then, next, after that.

Some of these are also used with the present perfect. • (5)

NOTE

a With the past simple we often say when the action happened.

/ bought some gloves yesterday.

I went in the shop yesterday.

It's really good.

I bought some gloves.

It is clear from the context that the action bought happened yesterday.

Sometimes there is no phrase of time, but we understand a definite time in the past.

I didn't eat any breakfast.

My sister took this photo.

b A phrase with ago means a finished time. It does not include the present, even though we measure it from the present.

Compare these sentences.

I saw that film on Wednesday/two days ago.

I've seen that film.

b We can also use the past simple for repeated actions.

We went to Austria a few times.

The children always played in the garden.

We can also use the past simple for states.

I was younger then. The Romans had a huge Empire.

We stayed on the Riviera for several weeks.

NOTE

a There are other ways of expressing repeated actions in the past. • 100

We used to go to Austria.

The children would always play in the garden.

b For the past tense in a tentative request, e.g. /

wanted to ask you something, •61(1) Note.

For the past tense expressing something unreal, e.g.

I wish I had more money, • 241(3).

For the past tense expressing a possible future action, e.g.

If I told you, you'd laugh, • 257(4c)

 

Present Progressive (Continuous)

We use the present continuous for a present action over a period of time, something that we are in the middle of now. 

The action has started but it hasn't finished yet.

What are you reading? 'Macbeth'.

~ It's raining now, look.

Hurry up. Your friends are waiting for you.

I'm just ironing this shirt.

Some typical time expressions with the present continuous are now, at the moment, at present, just, already and still.

We need not be doing the action at the moment of speaking.

I'm reading an interesting book. I can't remember what it's called.

We'd better get home. We're decorating the living-room at the moment.

 

Simple Present

 b A state

We normally use the present simple for a present state: a feeling, opinion or

relation.

Mr Adams loves Shakespeare.

I think it's a good idea.

Who knows the answer?

https://www.quora.com/Which-one-is-correct-%E2%80%98who-knows%E2%80%99-or-%E2%80%98who-know%E2%80%99

This book belongs to my sister.

Silicon is a chemical element.

York lies on the River Ouse.

NOTE

We use the present simple for permanent states.

lingua franca

Lingua franca

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search

For other uses, see Lingua franca (disambiguation).

1839 – Trilingual Chinese–Malay–English text – Malay was the lingua franca across the Strait of Malacca, including the coasts of the Malay Peninsula (now in Malaysia) and the eastern coast of Sumatra (now in Indonesia), and has been established as a native language of part of western coastal Sarawak and West Kalimantan in Borneo.

A lingua franca (/ˌlɪŋɡwə ˈfræŋkə/ (listen); lit. 'Frankish tongue'; for plurals see § Usage notes),^[1] also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language or dialect systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.^[2]

Lingua francas have developed around the world throughout human history, sometimes for commercial reasons (so-called "trade languages" facilitated trade), but also for cultural, religious, diplomatic and administrative convenience, and as a means of exchanging information between scientists and other scholars of different nationalities.^[3][4] The term is taken from the medieval Mediterranean Lingua Franca, an Italian-based pidgin language used especially by traders in the Mediterranean Basin from the 11th to the 19th centuries.^[5] A world language – a language spoken internationally and by many people – is a language that may function as a global lingua franca.

This article first explores the evolution of the English language particularly the influence of Celtic, Latin, German, and French. Second, it considers the resultant irregularities with respect to orthography: graphotactic and morphological but most importantly phonological. Third, the use of English as a lingua franca is discussed alongside English as a foreign language, cognate languages, artificial languages, other vehicular languages besides English, pidgin English, and English creole. Fourth, the issue of man-machine communication is examined in terms of speech recognition, phonetic transcription, conversion from documents to speech, dictionaries with audio pronunciation, and programs for oral translation. Last, support is provided for the adoption of phonetic English as the official language of the United States

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306323788_No_Child_Left_Bewildered_Using_Phonetic_English_as_a_Lingua_Franca

1 often capitalized : a common language consisting of Italian mixed with French, Spanish, Greek, and Arabic that was formerly spoken in Mediterranean ports. 2 : any of various languages used as common or commercial tongues among peoples of diverse speech English is used as a lingua franca among many airline pilots.

Why is English a lingua franca?

Why English has become the world's lingua franca is due to the fact that is the common language or mode of communication that enables people to understand one another regardless of their cultural and ethnical backgrounds. It makes communication a lot easier and understanding one another has become efficient.12 de set. de 2018

heinous

 the classification of these heinous actions

hediondo

whose test wordwall

 whose

reports due today

 due - devido 

para hoje